How Refresh Token Works In Jwt – JSON Web Tokens Explained

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JWT (JSON Web Token) is an open standard (RFC 7519) that defines a compact and self‑contained way to securely transmit information between parties as a JSON object.

JWTs are digitally signed, so they can be verified and trusted. They are commonly used for authentication and authorization in modern web applications.

How JWT works – step by step

User logs in – credentials sent to server.
Server verifies credentials, creates a JWT with user claims.
Server signs the JWT using a secret or private key.
Client stores the JWT (localStorage, cookie, or memory).
Client sends JWT in Authorization header for subsequent requests.
Server validates signature and claims, then processes request.

JWT structure

A JWT consists of three parts separated by dots:

xxxxx.yyyyy.zzzzz

Header – algorithm and token type (e.g., HS256, RS256).
Payload – claims (user data, expiration, issuer).
Signature – verifies the token hasn't been tampered with.

Why use JWTs?

✅ Stateless – no server‑side session storage.
✅ Self‑contained – carries user info inside the token.
✅ Cross‑platform – works with any language (C#, JavaScript, Python, etc.).
✅ Scalable – perfect for microservices and distributed systems.

Code Examples

Generate a JWT in C#

var securityKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("your-256-bit-secret"));
var credentials = new SigningCredentials(securityKey, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);

var claims = new[] {
    new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Sub, "user123"),
    new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Email, "user@example.com"),
    new Claim("role", "admin")
};

var token = new JwtSecurityToken(
    issuer: "https://ratpdf.com",
    audience: "api",
    claims: claims,
    expires: DateTime.UtcNow.AddHours(1),
    signingCredentials: credentials
);

var jwtString = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token);

Frequently Asked Questions

Is JWT secure?

Yes, when properly implemented with strong secrets, HTTPS, and short expiration times.

Can JWT be decrypted?

JWTs are signed, not encrypted by default. Use JWE for encryption.

Where should I store JWT on the client?

HttpOnly cookies are safest; localStorage is vulnerable to XSS.